Definition and Examples of Semantic Transparency (ST)

Semantic transparency is the degree to which the meaning of a compound word or an idiom can be inferred from its parts (or morphemes). Peter Trudgill offers examples of non-transparent and transparent compounds: The English word dentist is not semantically transparent whereas the Norwegian word tannlege, literally tooth doctor, is (A Glossary of Sociolinguistics, 2003). A word that is not semantically transparent is said to be opaque. Examples and Observations Intuitively speaking, [semantic transparency] can be seen as a property of surface structures enabling listeners to carry out semantic interpretation with the least possible machinery and with the least possible requirements regarding language learning.(Pieter A.M. Seuren and Herman Wekker, Semantic Transparency as a Factor in Creole Genesis. Substrata Versus Universals in Creole Genesis, ed. by P. Muysken and N. Smith. John Benjamins, 1986)Semantic transparency can be viewed as a continuum. One end reflects a more superficial, literal correspondence and the opposite end reflects a deeper, more elusive and figurative correspondence. Previous studies have concluded that transparent idioms are generally easier to decipher than opaque idioms (Nippold Taylor, 1995; Norbury, 2004).(Belinda Fustà ©-Herrmann, Idiom Comprehension in Bilingual and Monolingual Adolescents. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of South Florida, 2008)Teaching students strategies for dealing with figurative language will help them to take advantage of the semantic transparency of some idioms. If they can figure out the meaning of an idiom by themselves, they will have a link from the idiomatic to the literal words, which will help them learn the idiom.(Suzanne Irujo, Steering Clear: Avoidance in the Production of Idioms. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 1993) Types of Semantic Transparency: Blueberries vs. Strawberries [Gary] Libben (1998) presents a model of compound representation and processing in which the crucial notion is that of semantic transparency. . . . Libbens model distinguishes between semantically transparent compounds (blueberry) and semantically lexicalised biomorphemic units which, as Libben assumes, are monomorphemic in the minds of language users (strawberry). To put it another way, native speakers realise that while strawberry can be analysed into straw and berry, strawberry does not contain the meaning of straw. This difference in semantic transparency is captured at the conceptual level. Libben distinguishes two types of semantic transparency. Constituency pertains to the use of morphemes in their original/shifted meaning (in shoehorn, shoe is transparent because it is used in its original meaning, while horn is opaque). Componentiality bears on the meaning of a compound as a whole: for example, bighorn is non-componential because the meaning of this word cannot be inferred from the meanings of its constituents even if these are related to independent morphemes. This makes it possible to inhibit, for example, the lexical representation of boy of the lexical unit boycott, and to inhibit the meaning of straw to interfere with the interpretation of strawberry. By referring to these considerations in Libben (1998), [Wolfgang] Dressler (in press) distinguishes four fundamental degrees of morphosemantic transparency of compounds: 1. transparency of both members of the compound, e.g., door-bell;2. transparency of the head member, opacity of the non-head member, e.g., straw-berry;3. transparency of the non-head member, opacity of the head member, e.g., jail-bird;4. opacity of both members of the compound: hum-bug. It goes without saying that type 1 is the most appropriate and type 4 the least appropriate in terms of meaning predictability.(Pavol Ã…  tekauer, Meaning Predictability in Word Formation. John Benjamins, 2005) Linguistic Borrowing In theory, all content items and function words in any Y are potentially borrowable by speakers of any X irrespective of morphological typology because all languages have  content items and function words. In practice, X will not borrow all the forms of Y (whether they are borrowable or not). Perceptual salience and semantic transparency, in themselves relative notions, will conspire together to promote individual form classes. Other factors, for example frequency and intensity of exposure and relevance, will further restrict the list of possible candidates. Obviously, the actual list of borrowed forms may, in fact, vary from speaker to speaker depending on such factors as degree of education (and, therefore, familiarity with and exposure to Y), occupation (restricting exposure to certain semantic domains), and so on.(Frederick W. Field, Linguistic Borrowing in Bilingual Contexts. John Benjamins, 2002)

Analysis of Robert Frosts Mowing - 763 Words

Fred White Analysis of Robert Frost’s â€Å"Mowing† As the speaker labors in his farm field on a quiet, hot day, he can’t help but notice that his scythe seems to be whispering as it works. He can’t exactly hear what the scythe is saying, and he admits that there is a chance that the whispering sound is simply in his own mind because of the quietness of the day or perhaps due to the heat of the sun playing tricks on him. The speaker realizes that the scythe is teaching him a lesson about the value of work and happiness in the world. Instead of dreaming about inactivity or reward for its labor as a person would, the scythe takes its sole pleasure from its hard work. It receives satisfaction from its dedicated and hard work in the field. As the†¦show more content†¦Works Cited DiYanni, Robert. â€Å"Robert Frost in Context.† Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry and Drama. DiYanni, R. 2nd ed. New York: The McGraw–Hill Companies, Inc. 2008. 666 - 672. Frost, Robert. â€Å"Mowing.† Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry and Drama. DiYanni, R. 2nd ed. New York: The McGraw–Hill Companies, Inc. 2008.Show MoreRelatedEssay about The Life of Robert Frost1404 Words   |  6 PagesROBERT FROST â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood and I- I took the road less traveled† How did Robert Frost take the road less traveled in his life? Frost was a poet who lived a hard life. With 6 kids and a wife, he had a lot of people to provide for. He was a man who wore many hats, being a dad, husband, poet, and farmer. Robert was an incredibly gifted man who wrote many famous poems. Robert Frost, a great American poet lived a humble life and changed the world with his profound writing abilityRead MoreRobert Frost : A New England Poet3698 Words   |  15 PagesRobert Lee Frost Known for being a New England poet Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, California on March 26th, 1874. Born to a New England father William Prescott Frost Jr. and a Scottish mother Isabelle Moodie who moved to the west coast from Pennsylvania after marriage (Bailey). Both his parents were teachers and poets themselves, but his father later became a journalist with the San Francisco Evening Bulletin (Bailey). Frost spent 12 years of his life growing up in San Francisco, until

Popularity of Brand Posts on Brand Fan Pages

Question: Discuss about the Report on Popularity of Brand Posts on Brand Fan Pages? Answer: This essay discusses the effective role of social media for branding a product or service of a company or a person. Branding is an important part of every product or service of a company. Branding is a very important element for the successful operation of a business. Branding is considered as one of the effective strategies for achieving success within the competitive sector of the market. Branding is the very vital component for achieving long-term success in the market sector. However, social media and internet marketing has taken many efforts to promote effective branding of any product. This essay discusses the effectiveness of social media to enhance branding of a company. As discussed by Laroche et al. (2012), an online forum has changed the traditional area of branding. With the effect of globalization, utilization of social media has been increased among the group of people within every community of the world. People have attached more with different aspects of social media, like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and other online channels. Therefore, many business marketers have taken effective initiatives for enhancing their business opportunity through social media. Companies have taken several activities of innovative branding through different platforms of social media to their product or service within the competitive sector of the market. Apart from Facebook, Twitter there is other opportunities like the blog, infographics, online presentation, etc. These mixed activities of online media have contributed towards the making of an effective online advertisement for the customers. However, Singh and Sonnenburg (2012) argued that social media branding can be very helpful for making the customer loyal to the particular company among the market. World Wide Web and Internet has entered into the mind of the marketers. Today almost all business companies are utilizing this new media for promoting their brand among their potential as well as loyal or new customers of the market. This new media has become one of the important tools of advertisement, campaign, branding and promotion of the product and service. Marketers try to utilize social media for influencing the purchase intention or buying behavior of the customers. Social media has the effective influence on the process of branding of several individual and product branding within the particular company. For analyzing whether the social media platform affects the branding of a product or not. To analyze this aspect, advertisements of Spontex, Charmin and UNICEF India have been chosen. Spontex and Charmin are two companies who deliver profit-oriented business within the competitive sector of the market. UNICEF India is not for profit organization. Spontex is a European brand for several home products. This cleaning product brand has launched the Twitter account with the tagline Cleanest Twitter Account'. The idea of the social media campaign of this brand is very innovative. This brand has cleverly utilized the facilities of the twitter account. The brand has been opened as The Cleanest Twitter Account'. This cleanness has dwelled meaning. Spontex delivers detergent powder that has the capacity of cleaning of several home based products. The idea of their Twitter page has the unique sense of cleanliness. The Twitter account is clean because the feed is clean. One can see the feed as the full white page. One should click on the available white space of the news feed. After clicking on the space, the area will expand to an image. This image will deliver secret and witty messages. Sometimes, the area also shows the mascot of the brand. Spontex also provides tweets and reward for the new product. They also insert tweets for reward ing the new products to the favorite person. The image of the tweet is mainly made from white PNG image. This image automatically displays large at the time of opening of the window. Next product is Charmin. It is a brand of toilet paper. It is the product of PG Company. Charmin is a very old product. It started its journey in the year 1920 in Wisconsin of United States. This product has repeatedly changed its technique of media campaign. It has acquired effective techniques of innovative advertising and marketing for the customers of the market. This product has become the largest provider of toilet paper of United States. It has also started its website and many online activities. Charmin has started its social media campaign after the effect of globalization. Charmin has maintained the particular element of social media. It has maintained the interaction between different people and media. As discussed by Lange-Faria and Elliot (2012), there are more than 40% young men have admitted that they use social media in the bathroom. Charmin has maintained its core experience. The core idea of its brand promotion is to provide a better experience towards the customers of the company. With the help of social media campaign, the company can be able to maintain the necessary interaction between the customers of the company. Charmin has taken effective activities to engage with the potential people within the social media sector. Other companies have learned the lesson of engagement from the activities of Charmin. The Facebook promotion of this company is also very effective. Charmin has understood the effectiveness and increasing popularity of social media marketing. Charmin intelligently uses social media as this media delivers brand recognition and awareness among the group of customers. This company has taken the proper activities and responsibilities for understanding the req uirement and demand of the customers. Social media marketing always has engaged many customers. Social media marketing has helped to promote the brand among the customers. With the help of social media marketing, this company has made effective contribution upon making strong brand image within the competitive sector of the market (De Vries et al. 2012). The idea as well as concept of the media campaign for this product is unique. The innovative style of the advertisement has made pioneering activity within the competitive sector of social media marketing. No one can think that toilet paper also can be branded on social media. This product has also made effective as well as intelligent social media campaign for promoting their brand among the customers of the competitive sector of the market. Charmin has made a playful approach with this toilet paper. They have demonstrated little fun with the activities of branding with a #tweetfromtheseat campaign. This product has done a fantastic job by incorporating humor into their current hashtag events. They nicely have done an effective social media campaign with the help of witty humor. This company has incorporated severe jokes and humorous things for making an effective promotion of a brand. With this way, this company of toilet paper has been able to enhance their brand image (ErdoÄà … ¸muÃ…Å ¸ and Cicek, 2012). Next campaign is about the social media promotion of UNICEF India. UNICEF India is a part of The United Nations Children's Fund of the program of United Nations. This program is designed for many health and education related issues of several children of many developing countries of the world. This program is designed to deliver humanitarian efforts for the long-term basis towards the people of the society. It also provides educational and developmental assistances for the children and mothers of different developing countries of the world. UNICEF India provides effective activities towards the underdeveloped children and mothers of the country. India is a developing country. Most of the parts of this country is also still lacking from proper education and the developmental perspective. UNICEF India operates its work activities as the nongovernmental organization. UNICEF has to make several subprograms for the people of the society. Awaj Do' is considered as such an initiative of the effective program of the UNICEF India. This program needs to make the strong brand for the people. However, UNICEF India has taken the approach of making strong promotional efforts for this particular initiative. However, the logo of this initiative is The Power of your Words can help Change- Their Lives'. This initiative is based upon the aspect of delivering proper education towards the underdeveloped children of the Indian society. It is a three-month social media campaign to promote the Awaj Do' initiative. It is an effective effort to send back more than eight million underdeveloped children to school. This is an initiative of promoting the effective aspect of education and development. This initiative has gained many accomplishments in the social media platform. It is mainly based on Twitter campaign. It has been found from the survey that, Awaj Do initiative has received more or less 1525 mentions on the Twitter page of this campaign. The Twitter account of Awaj Do has received more than 2000 followers. Apart from these activities, a campaign has also received 60, 540 impressions in its Twitter account. At the end of this particular initiative, the website of Awaj Do has received 203,2 48 signups of interested people who have joined the initiative for a good and effective cause. The impression of Twitter has been calculated with the help of Tweet reach. This initiative of UNICEF has experienced from immense popularity among the general people of the society. Several people from the civil society group have also appreciated this particular effort of UNICEF. Therefore, it can be stated that social media has influenced the aspect of powerful branding of several products or services within the competitive sector of the market. The engagement of social media is very helpful for building a strong brand within the competitive sector of the market. Today, every company tries to promote the brand through traditional media as well as social media. They put more emphasis on the social media campaign for the product or service. The aspect of marketing and branding is different from each other. Branding helps to make the strong appearance into the mind of the people through the packaging of the brand. The success of a company always depends on the activities of proper branding. A company can make effective business while making its product as a brand towards the customers of the competitive sector of the market. A company which has delivered strong brand can also influence the purchase intention of customers. A Strong brand helps to make a customer loyal to the particular company, the product, or the service. The Strong and effective brand also can be able to enhance the competitive advantage of the company in the competitive sector of the particular industry. As discussed by ErdoÄÅ ¸muÃ…Å ¸ and Cicek (2012), cultivation theory of George Gerbner is also very helpful to identify and understand the impact of social media on the process of making effective brand within the market. This theory states that media can change the perception of reality of a human being. Media can influence the interpretation of a person on a long-term basis. Therefore, social media campaign also helps to make particular perception about the choice of specific product or service towards the customer of the market. A strong brand also can determine the level of loyalty among the customers within the market. A brand can also help to attract the people. Brand value is more important than the marketing techniques or promotional technique of the product or the service. A Strong brand helps the company to sustain within the competitive sector of the market. To make a strong brand a company needs to maintain the relationship with the customers. The company should be able to engage in the activities of people. To engage with the customers or the people, several platforms of social media are very effective and helpful for the company. Making brand through social media platform can be able to enhance the level of satisfaction among the customers of this particular company. The brand is very effective as well as the important component for the success of the particular company within the competitive sector of the market of particular industry. The success of a company mainly depends upon the effective an d strong brand of the product or service and the company itself. Brand value helps the company to sustain within the market. It can also be able to compete with other companies in the market of particular industry. Reference list: De Vries, L., Gensler, S., and Leeflang, P. S. (2012). Popularity Of Brand Posts On Brand Fan Pages: an investigation of the effects of social media marketing.Journal of Interactive Marketing,26(2), 83-91. ErdoÄÅ ¸muÃ…Å ¸, ÄÂ °. E., and Cicek, M. (2012). The impact of social media marketing on brand loyalty.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,58, 1353-1360. Lange-Faria, W., and Elliot, S. (2012). Understanding the role of social media in destination marketing.Tourismos. An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism,7(1) Laroche, M., Habibi, M. R., Richard, M. O., and Sankaranarayanan, R. (2012). The effects of social media based brand communities on brand community markers, value creation practices, brand trust and brand loyalty.Computers in Human Behavior,28(5), 1755-1767 Okazaki, S., and Taylor, C. R. (2013). Social media and international advertising: theoretical challenges and future directions.International marketing review,30(1), 56-71. Singh, S., and Sonnenburg, S. (2012). Brand performances in social media.Journal of Interactive Marketing,26(4), 189-197

Narrative Therapy free essay sample

The aim is to help clients realize what forces are influencing their lives and to focus on the positive aspects of the ‘play’. In many events of our lives, we tend to focus on particular things and ignore others. Analyzing our lives as a play, or a system, helps us understand the different forces and roles that are influencing our behavior. This in turn gives us flexibility to invoke the necessary changes for improvement. It is a highly respectful, effective, non-blaming approach. It theorizes that people organize their lives into stories, and that individual are not the â€Å"problem† the problem is the problem. It views people as having many skills, beliefs, and abilities that will help them reduce the influence of problems in their lives. The focus is not on the ‘experts’ solving problems, it is the individual discovering through conversations of their hidden possibilities within themselves. The basic concepts of narrative therapy is to enable people to tell their stories in ways that make them stronger and enables people who are experiencing hardship to make a contribution to others who are also experiencing hard times. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative Therapy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It encourages individuals, couples, and families to more fully explore other possible ways of making sense of their situations as well as supports to break free of restricting narratives. It also maximizes the existing capabilities and resources the individual may have. The core concept in narrative therapy is that our lives, identities and sense of self are shaped and made up by the meaning we attribute to our experiences which, roughly speaking, are simply stated the stories we tell ourselves to ourselves and eventually to others. When a person seeks therapy it is because their story is problem saturated and has also became the person’s dominant story in their life. When this story is told to a narrative therapist they don’t contend the fact that it is true or false but simply, that it is subject to the distortion and removal which all our memories and experiences are subject to, that it is a slim description. The techniques that narrative therapists use have to do with the telling of the story. They may examine the story and look for other ways to tell it differently or to understand it in other ways. In doing so, they find it helpful to put the problem outside of the individual, therefore their externalizing it. They look for unique outcomes: positive events that are in contrast to a problem saturated story. The 3 main technique used are first externalizing the problem. In narrative therapy, the problem becomes the enemy of the story. Certain behaviors are based on particular ‘unhealthy’ or ‘undesired’ characteristics, such as lack of patience, aggressiveness, etc. They are approached as not a part of the client but as an opposing force which needs to be ‘defeated’. An example would be a child that has a very bad temperament and tends to be aggressive to other kids at school and his parents. The child might feel guilty for his temperament and blame it on himself. Through therapy working with them towards isolating that undesired trait, most times aggressive and placing it as an external trait, not a characteristic of the individual. This strategy helps clients reconstruct their own stories in a way which will reduce the incidence of the problem in order to eliminate negative outcomes and reinforce personal development and achievement. The protagonist becomes the author and rewrites the story constructively. Secondly unique outcomes if a story is full of problems and negative events, through therapy we will attempt to identify the exceptional positive outcomes. When exploring unique positive outcomes in the story, by assisting the client in redeveloping the narrative with a focus on those unique outcomes. By doing so, the client is empowering him/herself by creating a notion that those unique outcomes can prevail over the problems. Think about this analogy. You are a novel writer. You were given a novel to review and publish the way you prefer. You have read it and found it generally poor, but there were some interesting ideas which you liked. You selected these ideas, and rewrite the novel around them. You can make a flawed story become a bestseller. Finally alternative narratives the focus of narrative therapy is to explore the strengths and positive aspects of an individual through his or her narrative. Therefore, the main objective of this therapeutic approach is to improve the person’s perspective internally so it’s reflective and externally so it’s towards the world and others around them. Alternative narratives are a simple way to relate to this concept. This technique works in combination with unique outcomes. The individual will reconstruct a personal story using unique outcomes, therefore, focusing on the positive aspects of a previous story in order to achieve a desired outcome. This process is based on the premise that any person can continually and actively re-author their own life. By creating alternative perspectives on a narrative this is able to assist the client in bringing about a new narrative which will help combat the ‘problems’. This is similar to cognitive behavioral therapy as it aims to create a positive perspective of an event. The main goal is to get the individual to alter the way they think, feel, and behave towards their own experiences, situations, and problems affecting them in their life. It engages clients in making sense of their narrative stories by externalizing the client’s problem, Re-authoring the Story, and by providing a context for the new story. Narrative therapy has a different kind of theory as it seeks to be a respectful, non-blaming approach to counseling and community work, which mainly focuses on the person being the expert in their own lives. Narrative therapy views the problem separately from the person and assures people have the skills, beliefs, values and abilities to reduce problems that occur in their lives. In essence, within a narrative therapy approach, the focus is not on experts solving problems, it is on people discovering through conversation, within themselves and hidden unseen story lines. Narrative therapy has been proven to be successful when used within individuals experiencing deep grief, with children experiencing problems, in group mediation sessions, family therapy, with individuals who were sexually abused, with individuals who have anxiety disorders or eating disorders like anorexia, bulimia, as well as coaching teams and athletes. Unfortunately this theoretical approach has some weakness when used with certain family situations. This approach is not applicable to all problems. It does not consider the root cause of the problems and it can be vague when understanding of how problems developed. It also holds a constructionist belief that there are no absolute truths but only socially sanctioned points of view. Despite being a widely used approach, particularly when combined with other therapeutic approaches, narrative therapy has certain boundaries and limitations. In many occasions, diverse clients may expect the therapist to act as the expert, instead of having to conduct the conversation themselves. For this reason, narrative therapy can be challenging when the individual is not articulate. Lack of confidence, intellectual capacity and other issues could also undermine the expression of the individual through a narrative. Another common boundary of narrative therapy is the lack of recipe, agenda or formula. This approach is grounded in a philosophical framework, and sometimes can become a particularly subjective or widely interpretative process.