Definition and Examples of Semantic Transparency (ST)

Semantic transparency is the degree to which the meaning of a compound word or an idiom can be inferred from its parts (or morphemes). Peter Trudgill offers examples of non-transparent and transparent compounds: The English word dentist is not semantically transparent whereas the Norwegian word tannlege, literally tooth doctor, is (A Glossary of Sociolinguistics, 2003). A word that is not semantically transparent is said to be opaque. Examples and Observations Intuitively speaking, [semantic transparency] can be seen as a property of surface structures enabling listeners to carry out semantic interpretation with the least possible machinery and with the least possible requirements regarding language learning.(Pieter A.M. Seuren and Herman Wekker, Semantic Transparency as a Factor in Creole Genesis. Substrata Versus Universals in Creole Genesis, ed. by P. Muysken and N. Smith. John Benjamins, 1986)Semantic transparency can be viewed as a continuum. One end reflects a more superficial, literal correspondence and the opposite end reflects a deeper, more elusive and figurative correspondence. Previous studies have concluded that transparent idioms are generally easier to decipher than opaque idioms (Nippold Taylor, 1995; Norbury, 2004).(Belinda Fustà ©-Herrmann, Idiom Comprehension in Bilingual and Monolingual Adolescents. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of South Florida, 2008)Teaching students strategies for dealing with figurative language will help them to take advantage of the semantic transparency of some idioms. If they can figure out the meaning of an idiom by themselves, they will have a link from the idiomatic to the literal words, which will help them learn the idiom.(Suzanne Irujo, Steering Clear: Avoidance in the Production of Idioms. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 1993) Types of Semantic Transparency: Blueberries vs. Strawberries [Gary] Libben (1998) presents a model of compound representation and processing in which the crucial notion is that of semantic transparency. . . . Libbens model distinguishes between semantically transparent compounds (blueberry) and semantically lexicalised biomorphemic units which, as Libben assumes, are monomorphemic in the minds of language users (strawberry). To put it another way, native speakers realise that while strawberry can be analysed into straw and berry, strawberry does not contain the meaning of straw. This difference in semantic transparency is captured at the conceptual level. Libben distinguishes two types of semantic transparency. Constituency pertains to the use of morphemes in their original/shifted meaning (in shoehorn, shoe is transparent because it is used in its original meaning, while horn is opaque). Componentiality bears on the meaning of a compound as a whole: for example, bighorn is non-componential because the meaning of this word cannot be inferred from the meanings of its constituents even if these are related to independent morphemes. This makes it possible to inhibit, for example, the lexical representation of boy of the lexical unit boycott, and to inhibit the meaning of straw to interfere with the interpretation of strawberry. By referring to these considerations in Libben (1998), [Wolfgang] Dressler (in press) distinguishes four fundamental degrees of morphosemantic transparency of compounds: 1. transparency of both members of the compound, e.g., door-bell;2. transparency of the head member, opacity of the non-head member, e.g., straw-berry;3. transparency of the non-head member, opacity of the head member, e.g., jail-bird;4. opacity of both members of the compound: hum-bug. It goes without saying that type 1 is the most appropriate and type 4 the least appropriate in terms of meaning predictability.(Pavol Ã…  tekauer, Meaning Predictability in Word Formation. John Benjamins, 2005) Linguistic Borrowing In theory, all content items and function words in any Y are potentially borrowable by speakers of any X irrespective of morphological typology because all languages have  content items and function words. In practice, X will not borrow all the forms of Y (whether they are borrowable or not). Perceptual salience and semantic transparency, in themselves relative notions, will conspire together to promote individual form classes. Other factors, for example frequency and intensity of exposure and relevance, will further restrict the list of possible candidates. Obviously, the actual list of borrowed forms may, in fact, vary from speaker to speaker depending on such factors as degree of education (and, therefore, familiarity with and exposure to Y), occupation (restricting exposure to certain semantic domains), and so on.(Frederick W. Field, Linguistic Borrowing in Bilingual Contexts. John Benjamins, 2002)

Analysis of Robert Frosts Mowing - 763 Words

Fred White Analysis of Robert Frost’s â€Å"Mowing† As the speaker labors in his farm field on a quiet, hot day, he can’t help but notice that his scythe seems to be whispering as it works. He can’t exactly hear what the scythe is saying, and he admits that there is a chance that the whispering sound is simply in his own mind because of the quietness of the day or perhaps due to the heat of the sun playing tricks on him. The speaker realizes that the scythe is teaching him a lesson about the value of work and happiness in the world. Instead of dreaming about inactivity or reward for its labor as a person would, the scythe takes its sole pleasure from its hard work. It receives satisfaction from its dedicated and hard work in the field. As the†¦show more content†¦Works Cited DiYanni, Robert. â€Å"Robert Frost in Context.† Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry and Drama. DiYanni, R. 2nd ed. New York: The McGraw–Hill Companies, Inc. 2008. 666 - 672. Frost, Robert. â€Å"Mowing.† Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry and Drama. DiYanni, R. 2nd ed. New York: The McGraw–Hill Companies, Inc. 2008.Show MoreRelatedEssay about The Life of Robert Frost1404 Words   |  6 PagesROBERT FROST â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood and I- I took the road less traveled† How did Robert Frost take the road less traveled in his life? Frost was a poet who lived a hard life. With 6 kids and a wife, he had a lot of people to provide for. He was a man who wore many hats, being a dad, husband, poet, and farmer. Robert was an incredibly gifted man who wrote many famous poems. Robert Frost, a great American poet lived a humble life and changed the world with his profound writing abilityRead MoreRobert Frost : A New England Poet3698 Words   |  15 PagesRobert Lee Frost Known for being a New England poet Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, California on March 26th, 1874. Born to a New England father William Prescott Frost Jr. and a Scottish mother Isabelle Moodie who moved to the west coast from Pennsylvania after marriage (Bailey). Both his parents were teachers and poets themselves, but his father later became a journalist with the San Francisco Evening Bulletin (Bailey). Frost spent 12 years of his life growing up in San Francisco, until

Popularity of Brand Posts on Brand Fan Pages

Question: Discuss about the Report on Popularity of Brand Posts on Brand Fan Pages? Answer: This essay discusses the effective role of social media for branding a product or service of a company or a person. Branding is an important part of every product or service of a company. Branding is a very important element for the successful operation of a business. Branding is considered as one of the effective strategies for achieving success within the competitive sector of the market. Branding is the very vital component for achieving long-term success in the market sector. However, social media and internet marketing has taken many efforts to promote effective branding of any product. This essay discusses the effectiveness of social media to enhance branding of a company. As discussed by Laroche et al. (2012), an online forum has changed the traditional area of branding. With the effect of globalization, utilization of social media has been increased among the group of people within every community of the world. People have attached more with different aspects of social media, like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and other online channels. Therefore, many business marketers have taken effective initiatives for enhancing their business opportunity through social media. Companies have taken several activities of innovative branding through different platforms of social media to their product or service within the competitive sector of the market. Apart from Facebook, Twitter there is other opportunities like the blog, infographics, online presentation, etc. These mixed activities of online media have contributed towards the making of an effective online advertisement for the customers. However, Singh and Sonnenburg (2012) argued that social media branding can be very helpful for making the customer loyal to the particular company among the market. World Wide Web and Internet has entered into the mind of the marketers. Today almost all business companies are utilizing this new media for promoting their brand among their potential as well as loyal or new customers of the market. This new media has become one of the important tools of advertisement, campaign, branding and promotion of the product and service. Marketers try to utilize social media for influencing the purchase intention or buying behavior of the customers. Social media has the effective influence on the process of branding of several individual and product branding within the particular company. For analyzing whether the social media platform affects the branding of a product or not. To analyze this aspect, advertisements of Spontex, Charmin and UNICEF India have been chosen. Spontex and Charmin are two companies who deliver profit-oriented business within the competitive sector of the market. UNICEF India is not for profit organization. Spontex is a European brand for several home products. This cleaning product brand has launched the Twitter account with the tagline Cleanest Twitter Account'. The idea of the social media campaign of this brand is very innovative. This brand has cleverly utilized the facilities of the twitter account. The brand has been opened as The Cleanest Twitter Account'. This cleanness has dwelled meaning. Spontex delivers detergent powder that has the capacity of cleaning of several home based products. The idea of their Twitter page has the unique sense of cleanliness. The Twitter account is clean because the feed is clean. One can see the feed as the full white page. One should click on the available white space of the news feed. After clicking on the space, the area will expand to an image. This image will deliver secret and witty messages. Sometimes, the area also shows the mascot of the brand. Spontex also provides tweets and reward for the new product. They also insert tweets for reward ing the new products to the favorite person. The image of the tweet is mainly made from white PNG image. This image automatically displays large at the time of opening of the window. Next product is Charmin. It is a brand of toilet paper. It is the product of PG Company. Charmin is a very old product. It started its journey in the year 1920 in Wisconsin of United States. This product has repeatedly changed its technique of media campaign. It has acquired effective techniques of innovative advertising and marketing for the customers of the market. This product has become the largest provider of toilet paper of United States. It has also started its website and many online activities. Charmin has started its social media campaign after the effect of globalization. Charmin has maintained the particular element of social media. It has maintained the interaction between different people and media. As discussed by Lange-Faria and Elliot (2012), there are more than 40% young men have admitted that they use social media in the bathroom. Charmin has maintained its core experience. The core idea of its brand promotion is to provide a better experience towards the customers of the company. With the help of social media campaign, the company can be able to maintain the necessary interaction between the customers of the company. Charmin has taken effective activities to engage with the potential people within the social media sector. Other companies have learned the lesson of engagement from the activities of Charmin. The Facebook promotion of this company is also very effective. Charmin has understood the effectiveness and increasing popularity of social media marketing. Charmin intelligently uses social media as this media delivers brand recognition and awareness among the group of customers. This company has taken the proper activities and responsibilities for understanding the req uirement and demand of the customers. Social media marketing always has engaged many customers. Social media marketing has helped to promote the brand among the customers. With the help of social media marketing, this company has made effective contribution upon making strong brand image within the competitive sector of the market (De Vries et al. 2012). The idea as well as concept of the media campaign for this product is unique. The innovative style of the advertisement has made pioneering activity within the competitive sector of social media marketing. No one can think that toilet paper also can be branded on social media. This product has also made effective as well as intelligent social media campaign for promoting their brand among the customers of the competitive sector of the market. Charmin has made a playful approach with this toilet paper. They have demonstrated little fun with the activities of branding with a #tweetfromtheseat campaign. This product has done a fantastic job by incorporating humor into their current hashtag events. They nicely have done an effective social media campaign with the help of witty humor. This company has incorporated severe jokes and humorous things for making an effective promotion of a brand. With this way, this company of toilet paper has been able to enhance their brand image (ErdoÄà … ¸muÃ…Å ¸ and Cicek, 2012). Next campaign is about the social media promotion of UNICEF India. UNICEF India is a part of The United Nations Children's Fund of the program of United Nations. This program is designed for many health and education related issues of several children of many developing countries of the world. This program is designed to deliver humanitarian efforts for the long-term basis towards the people of the society. It also provides educational and developmental assistances for the children and mothers of different developing countries of the world. UNICEF India provides effective activities towards the underdeveloped children and mothers of the country. India is a developing country. Most of the parts of this country is also still lacking from proper education and the developmental perspective. UNICEF India operates its work activities as the nongovernmental organization. UNICEF has to make several subprograms for the people of the society. Awaj Do' is considered as such an initiative of the effective program of the UNICEF India. This program needs to make the strong brand for the people. However, UNICEF India has taken the approach of making strong promotional efforts for this particular initiative. However, the logo of this initiative is The Power of your Words can help Change- Their Lives'. This initiative is based upon the aspect of delivering proper education towards the underdeveloped children of the Indian society. It is a three-month social media campaign to promote the Awaj Do' initiative. It is an effective effort to send back more than eight million underdeveloped children to school. This is an initiative of promoting the effective aspect of education and development. This initiative has gained many accomplishments in the social media platform. It is mainly based on Twitter campaign. It has been found from the survey that, Awaj Do initiative has received more or less 1525 mentions on the Twitter page of this campaign. The Twitter account of Awaj Do has received more than 2000 followers. Apart from these activities, a campaign has also received 60, 540 impressions in its Twitter account. At the end of this particular initiative, the website of Awaj Do has received 203,2 48 signups of interested people who have joined the initiative for a good and effective cause. The impression of Twitter has been calculated with the help of Tweet reach. This initiative of UNICEF has experienced from immense popularity among the general people of the society. Several people from the civil society group have also appreciated this particular effort of UNICEF. Therefore, it can be stated that social media has influenced the aspect of powerful branding of several products or services within the competitive sector of the market. The engagement of social media is very helpful for building a strong brand within the competitive sector of the market. Today, every company tries to promote the brand through traditional media as well as social media. They put more emphasis on the social media campaign for the product or service. The aspect of marketing and branding is different from each other. Branding helps to make the strong appearance into the mind of the people through the packaging of the brand. The success of a company always depends on the activities of proper branding. A company can make effective business while making its product as a brand towards the customers of the competitive sector of the market. A company which has delivered strong brand can also influence the purchase intention of customers. A Strong brand helps to make a customer loyal to the particular company, the product, or the service. The Strong and effective brand also can be able to enhance the competitive advantage of the company in the competitive sector of the particular industry. As discussed by ErdoÄÅ ¸muÃ…Å ¸ and Cicek (2012), cultivation theory of George Gerbner is also very helpful to identify and understand the impact of social media on the process of making effective brand within the market. This theory states that media can change the perception of reality of a human being. Media can influence the interpretation of a person on a long-term basis. Therefore, social media campaign also helps to make particular perception about the choice of specific product or service towards the customer of the market. A strong brand also can determine the level of loyalty among the customers within the market. A brand can also help to attract the people. Brand value is more important than the marketing techniques or promotional technique of the product or the service. A Strong brand helps the company to sustain within the competitive sector of the market. To make a strong brand a company needs to maintain the relationship with the customers. The company should be able to engage in the activities of people. To engage with the customers or the people, several platforms of social media are very effective and helpful for the company. Making brand through social media platform can be able to enhance the level of satisfaction among the customers of this particular company. The brand is very effective as well as the important component for the success of the particular company within the competitive sector of the market of particular industry. The success of a company mainly depends upon the effective an d strong brand of the product or service and the company itself. Brand value helps the company to sustain within the market. It can also be able to compete with other companies in the market of particular industry. Reference list: De Vries, L., Gensler, S., and Leeflang, P. S. (2012). Popularity Of Brand Posts On Brand Fan Pages: an investigation of the effects of social media marketing.Journal of Interactive Marketing,26(2), 83-91. ErdoÄÅ ¸muÃ…Å ¸, ÄÂ °. E., and Cicek, M. (2012). The impact of social media marketing on brand loyalty.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,58, 1353-1360. Lange-Faria, W., and Elliot, S. (2012). Understanding the role of social media in destination marketing.Tourismos. An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism,7(1) Laroche, M., Habibi, M. R., Richard, M. O., and Sankaranarayanan, R. (2012). The effects of social media based brand communities on brand community markers, value creation practices, brand trust and brand loyalty.Computers in Human Behavior,28(5), 1755-1767 Okazaki, S., and Taylor, C. R. (2013). Social media and international advertising: theoretical challenges and future directions.International marketing review,30(1), 56-71. Singh, S., and Sonnenburg, S. (2012). Brand performances in social media.Journal of Interactive Marketing,26(4), 189-197

Narrative Therapy free essay sample

The aim is to help clients realize what forces are influencing their lives and to focus on the positive aspects of the ‘play’. In many events of our lives, we tend to focus on particular things and ignore others. Analyzing our lives as a play, or a system, helps us understand the different forces and roles that are influencing our behavior. This in turn gives us flexibility to invoke the necessary changes for improvement. It is a highly respectful, effective, non-blaming approach. It theorizes that people organize their lives into stories, and that individual are not the â€Å"problem† the problem is the problem. It views people as having many skills, beliefs, and abilities that will help them reduce the influence of problems in their lives. The focus is not on the ‘experts’ solving problems, it is the individual discovering through conversations of their hidden possibilities within themselves. The basic concepts of narrative therapy is to enable people to tell their stories in ways that make them stronger and enables people who are experiencing hardship to make a contribution to others who are also experiencing hard times. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative Therapy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It encourages individuals, couples, and families to more fully explore other possible ways of making sense of their situations as well as supports to break free of restricting narratives. It also maximizes the existing capabilities and resources the individual may have. The core concept in narrative therapy is that our lives, identities and sense of self are shaped and made up by the meaning we attribute to our experiences which, roughly speaking, are simply stated the stories we tell ourselves to ourselves and eventually to others. When a person seeks therapy it is because their story is problem saturated and has also became the person’s dominant story in their life. When this story is told to a narrative therapist they don’t contend the fact that it is true or false but simply, that it is subject to the distortion and removal which all our memories and experiences are subject to, that it is a slim description. The techniques that narrative therapists use have to do with the telling of the story. They may examine the story and look for other ways to tell it differently or to understand it in other ways. In doing so, they find it helpful to put the problem outside of the individual, therefore their externalizing it. They look for unique outcomes: positive events that are in contrast to a problem saturated story. The 3 main technique used are first externalizing the problem. In narrative therapy, the problem becomes the enemy of the story. Certain behaviors are based on particular ‘unhealthy’ or ‘undesired’ characteristics, such as lack of patience, aggressiveness, etc. They are approached as not a part of the client but as an opposing force which needs to be ‘defeated’. An example would be a child that has a very bad temperament and tends to be aggressive to other kids at school and his parents. The child might feel guilty for his temperament and blame it on himself. Through therapy working with them towards isolating that undesired trait, most times aggressive and placing it as an external trait, not a characteristic of the individual. This strategy helps clients reconstruct their own stories in a way which will reduce the incidence of the problem in order to eliminate negative outcomes and reinforce personal development and achievement. The protagonist becomes the author and rewrites the story constructively. Secondly unique outcomes if a story is full of problems and negative events, through therapy we will attempt to identify the exceptional positive outcomes. When exploring unique positive outcomes in the story, by assisting the client in redeveloping the narrative with a focus on those unique outcomes. By doing so, the client is empowering him/herself by creating a notion that those unique outcomes can prevail over the problems. Think about this analogy. You are a novel writer. You were given a novel to review and publish the way you prefer. You have read it and found it generally poor, but there were some interesting ideas which you liked. You selected these ideas, and rewrite the novel around them. You can make a flawed story become a bestseller. Finally alternative narratives the focus of narrative therapy is to explore the strengths and positive aspects of an individual through his or her narrative. Therefore, the main objective of this therapeutic approach is to improve the person’s perspective internally so it’s reflective and externally so it’s towards the world and others around them. Alternative narratives are a simple way to relate to this concept. This technique works in combination with unique outcomes. The individual will reconstruct a personal story using unique outcomes, therefore, focusing on the positive aspects of a previous story in order to achieve a desired outcome. This process is based on the premise that any person can continually and actively re-author their own life. By creating alternative perspectives on a narrative this is able to assist the client in bringing about a new narrative which will help combat the ‘problems’. This is similar to cognitive behavioral therapy as it aims to create a positive perspective of an event. The main goal is to get the individual to alter the way they think, feel, and behave towards their own experiences, situations, and problems affecting them in their life. It engages clients in making sense of their narrative stories by externalizing the client’s problem, Re-authoring the Story, and by providing a context for the new story. Narrative therapy has a different kind of theory as it seeks to be a respectful, non-blaming approach to counseling and community work, which mainly focuses on the person being the expert in their own lives. Narrative therapy views the problem separately from the person and assures people have the skills, beliefs, values and abilities to reduce problems that occur in their lives. In essence, within a narrative therapy approach, the focus is not on experts solving problems, it is on people discovering through conversation, within themselves and hidden unseen story lines. Narrative therapy has been proven to be successful when used within individuals experiencing deep grief, with children experiencing problems, in group mediation sessions, family therapy, with individuals who were sexually abused, with individuals who have anxiety disorders or eating disorders like anorexia, bulimia, as well as coaching teams and athletes. Unfortunately this theoretical approach has some weakness when used with certain family situations. This approach is not applicable to all problems. It does not consider the root cause of the problems and it can be vague when understanding of how problems developed. It also holds a constructionist belief that there are no absolute truths but only socially sanctioned points of view. Despite being a widely used approach, particularly when combined with other therapeutic approaches, narrative therapy has certain boundaries and limitations. In many occasions, diverse clients may expect the therapist to act as the expert, instead of having to conduct the conversation themselves. For this reason, narrative therapy can be challenging when the individual is not articulate. Lack of confidence, intellectual capacity and other issues could also undermine the expression of the individual through a narrative. Another common boundary of narrative therapy is the lack of recipe, agenda or formula. This approach is grounded in a philosophical framework, and sometimes can become a particularly subjective or widely interpretative process.

Natural Selection for the Birds Lab Report Essay Essays

Natural Selection for the Birds Lab Report Essay Essays Natural Selection for the Birds Lab Report Essay Essay Natural Selection for the Birds Lab Report Essay Essay Purpose:To find which birds with which beaks survive best in their environment depending on the type of nutrient available. Question:What is the consequence of the type of nutrient available on the frequence of different types of bird beaks? Hypothesis:If the nutrient type alterations in the environment. so the sum of each type of bird beaks will alter because birds with beaks more suitable to the available nutrient will be more successful over clip. Variables:The independent variable of the lab is the type of nutrient that is available to the birds. The dependent variable of the lab is the frequence of each type-size and shape-of beaks. Materials:100 helianthus seeds100 raisins100 grains of rice2 forks2 spoons2 knivesFictile cup Procedure:1. Gather around the border of the tabular array fabric. blending the three groups reasonably equally. 2. Pick up nutrient pieces merely with your tool. utilizing the brace of utensils in one manus. imitating the action of a beak. 3. Pick up one piece of nutrient at a clip. and put it in your cup ( â€Å"stomach† ) before picking another piece of nutrient. 4. Keep your organic structure off the tabular array fabric and pick up nutrient merely within your range. 5. Start merely when the instructor says â€Å"Go† and complete when all nutrient has been â€Å"eaten. † Data- Environment with Equal Sums of Insects. Seeds. and Fruit Second GenerationFlock TenFlock YFlock ZInsects Eaten 353233Seeds Eaten344620Fruit Eaten78157Entire1479360Percentage49 %31 %20 %Fake Number of Birdsin Flock for 3rd Coevals1596 Data- Changed Environment with Equal Sums of Insects and Seeds but No Fruit. First GenerationFlock TenFlock YFlock ZInsects Eaten306060Seeds Eaten279330Entire5715390Percentage19 %51 %30 %Fake Number of Birdsin Flock for 2nd Coevals6159 Second GenerationFlock TenFlock YFlock ZInsects Eaten1510044Seeds Eaten178044Entire3218088Percentage11 %60 %29 %Fake Number of Birdsin Flock for 3rd Coevals3189 Analysis:Based on the information in the first table flock X consumes largely fruit. When fruit was taken off there was a lessening in the figure of birds that flock X contained. Flock Y consumes largely seeds. There was no consequence on flock Yttrium when fruit was removed. Due to the fact that flock Z eats largely insects. the flock was non affected by the remotion of fruit. Decision: In this lab I learned about how favourable traits are of import when nature selects what being will last and go through down its cistrons for the following coevals to inherit. I besides learned that most species learn to accommodate to their environments so that they can hold a favourable trait to be able to last in their environment. I was able to detect that in the wilderness you need that favourable trait so that you are able to reproduce and go through down your genotypes for the following coevals of you species to inherit. I gained utile accomplishments such as how to find the following generation’s population by analysing consequences from experiments I conducted associating to the bird populations

Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg outlined one of the best-known theories addressing the development of morality in childhood. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, which include three levels and six stages, expanded on and revised the ideas of Jean Piaget’s previous work on the subject. Key Takeaways: Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg was inspired by Jean Piaget’s work on moral judgment to create a stage theory of moral development in childhood.The theory includes three levels and six stages of moral thinking. Each level includes two stages. The levels are called preconventional morality, conventional morality, and postconventional morality.Since it was initially proposed, Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized for overemphasizing a Western male perspective on moral reasoning. Origins Jean Piagets two-stage theory of moral judgment marked a divide between the way children younger than 10 and those 10 and older think about morality. While younger children looked at rules as fixed and based their moral judgments on consequences, older children’s perspectives were more flexible and their judgments were based on intentions. However, intellectual development doesn’t end when Piaget’s stages of moral judgment ended, making it likely that moral development continued as well. Because of this, Kohlberg felt Piaget’s work was incomplete. He sought to study a range of children and adolescents in order to determine if there were stages that went beyond those proposed by Piaget. Kohlberg’s Research Method Kohlberg utilized Piaget’s method of interviewing children about moral dilemmas in his research. He would present each child with a series of such dilemmas and ask them their thoughts on each one to determine the reasoning behind their thinking. For example, one of the moral dilemmas Kohlberg presented was the following: â€Å"In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her†¦ The druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about†¦ half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: ‘No, I discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from it.’ So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife.† After explaining this dilemma to his participants, Kohlberg would ask, â€Å"Should the husband have done that?† He then continued with a series of additional questions that would help him understand why the child thought Heinz was right or wrong to do what he did. After collecting his data, Kohlberg classified the responses into stages of moral development. Kohlberg interviewed 72 boys in suburban Chicago for his study. The boys were 10, 13, or 16 years old. Each interview was approximately two hours long and Kohlberg  presented each participant with 10 moral dilemmas during that time. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Kohlberg’s research yielded three levels of moral development. Each level consisted of two stages, leading to six stages in total. People pass through each stage sequentially with the thinking at the new stage replacing the thinking at the previous stage. Not everyone reached the highest stages in Kohlbergs theory. In fact, Kohlberg believed that many didn’t move past his third and fourth stages. Level 1: Preconventional Morality At the lowest level of moral development individuals haven’t yet internalized a sense of morality. Moral standards are dictated by adults and the consequences of breaking the rules. Children nine years old and younger tend to fall into this category. Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation. Children believe the rules are fixed and must be obeyed to the letter. Morality is external to the self.Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange. Children begin to realize that the rules aren’t absolute. Different people have different perspectives and therefore there isn’t just one correct point of view. Level 2: Conventional Morality A majority of adolescents and adults fall into the middle level of conventional morality. At this level, people start to internalize moral standards but not necessarily to question them. These standards are based on the social norms of the groups a person is part of. Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships. Morality arises from living up to the standards of a given group, such as ones family or community, and being a good group member.Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order. The individual becomes more aware of the rules of society on a broader scale. As a result, they become concerned with obeying laws and maintaining the social order. Level 3: Postconventional Morality If individuals reach the highest level of moral development, they start to question if what they see around them is good. In this case, morality stems from self-defined principles. Kohlberg suggested that only 10-15% of the population was able to achieve this level because of the abstract reasoning it required. Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights. Society should function as a social contract where the goal of each individual is to improve society as a whole. In this context, morality and individual rights like life and liberty may take precedence over specific laws.Stage 6: Universal Principles. People develop their own principles of morality even if they conflict with society’s laws. These principles must be applied to every individual equally. Critiques Since Kohlberg initially proposed his theory, many criticisms have been leveled against it. One of the key issues other scholars take with the theory centers on the sample used to create it. Kohlberg focused on boys in a specific United States city. As a result, his theory has been accused of being biased towards men in Western cultures. Western individualist cultures may have different moral philosophies than other cultures. For example, individualist cultures emphasize personal rights and freedoms, while collectivist cultures emphasize what’s best for the community as a whole. Kohlberg’s theory does not take these cultural differences into account. In addition, critics like Carol Gilligan have maintained that Kohlberg’s theory conflates morality with an understanding of rules and justice, while overlooking concerns such as compassion and care. Gilligan believed the emphasis on impartially judging conflicts between competing parties overlooked the female perspective on morality, which tended to be contextual and derived from an ethics of compassion and concern for other people. Kohlberg’s methods were also criticized. The dilemmas he used weren’t always applicable to children at the age of 16 and under. For example, the Heinz dilemma presented above might not be relatable to children who had never been married. Had Kohlberg focused on dilemmas more reflective of his subjects lives, his results may have been different. Also, Kohlberg never examined if moral reasoning actually reflected moral behavior. Therefore, it’s not clear if his subjects’ actions fell in line with their ability to think morally. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development.† Verywell Mind, 13 March 2019. https://www.verywellmind.com/kohlbergs-theory-of-moral-developmet-2795071Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.Kohlberg, Lawrence. â€Å"The Development of Children’s Orientation Toward a Moral Order: I. Sequence in the Development of Moral Thought.† Vita Humana, vol. 6, no. 1-2, 1963, pp. 11-33. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1964-05739-001McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development.† Simply Psychology, 24 October 2013. https://www.simplypsychology.org/kohlberg.html

Barco Projection Systems Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Barco Projection Systems - Case Study Example The BPS division entered into other market segments like data and graphic providing variety of choices to the companies with varying scan rate from the receiver. It is important to note that all the products i.e. three lines of products were built around 7† tube. BPS line of products, however, differentiated from other products on this basis of its performance, which was mainly measured across scan rate. The product line strategy BPS was to continuously develop its product range by research and development which resulted in other products with varied scan rate and price structure. It is however important to reiterate that every product which came out from the BPS division was superior version to the earlier product in terms of visibility, quality, clarity and scan rate. The strategy of Barco Projection Systems is further clarified by Frans Claerbout, General Manager, who remarked that â€Å"BPS product line was driven by three forces like the constant search of the best possib le image, flexibility towards input and increasing user friendliness†. The strategy is evident from the exhibit given below which shows that since developing a video projection system in 1982, the company has continuously managed to develop its line of product through market creation and segmentation, improving the quality and performance along with cost price. BPS, since 1982, has developed five products in video segment, six in data segment and two in graphic segment thus gradually increasing its line of product justifying the remarks of Claerbout regarding the constant pursuit for best image and customer friendliness. Situation Analysis After the introduction of Sony’s 1270 projection system, Barco felt threatened as the product had everything to compete in the market of projectors. Though Sony’s 1270 shocked the industry, Dejonghe was not at all surprised because Barco already had presumed about such thing to happen but not in such a big way. Barco assumed th at Sony would launch a product which will be a direct competitor for BD600 and therefore prepared themselves to launch their product, a 64 kHz digital machine. This led to a remark by Dejonghe who mentioned that â€Å"all of our projections, however, were based on the assumption that Sony would respect our â€Å"vision† of the marketplace’. In regard to this, it is clarified that Barco was purchasing 7† tubes from Sony which were used to build projection system as these tubes provided superior clarity than other products in the market. Dejonghe once came to known about Sony that their goal was to capture 50% supplier and consumer market but not to beat Barco in project. It was hitherto assumed that Sony respected the vision of Barco in the projection systems market. Competitors respect others vision in the marketplace so as to embrace new way of doing business which is necessary to get beyond the narrow framework of self interest and to realize the potential of marketplace transactions grounded in an intrinsic respect for all stakeholders (Peil, 527). In the words of Dejonghe, Sony was not interested in competing with Barco and other competitors in the market on small scale in graphic segment and therefore aimed to conquer the data and graphics market which was dominated by Barco. It was necessary for Sony to create an image for themselves instead of being a just another manufacturer of projectors. Therefore, 1270 was launched with intense marketing and publicity to garner attention and create a brand image.

IAS 40 Investment Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

IAS 40 Investment Property - Essay Example There has been a widely held debate in terms of a need to classify a property as an investment property or a property which is in use by the owner. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) provides a clear cut difference between the property which is intended to be held as investment and the property to be held for the purpose of use other than any investment purpose (Deloitte, 2012). On the other hand, if Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are taken into consideration, then there cannot be found any difference between the two as such. However IFRS has recognized the need for providing specific guidance especially for the property which is to be held by the owner for the purpose of investment (Deloitte, 2012).This article aims to study the various impacts of IAS 40 â€Å"Investment Property† with respect to different elements. The paper is structured in such a manner that first section highlights the overview of IAS 40 in which a brief history, definition, obje ctive and scope of Investment Property is briefly discussed. Second part of this article outlines at the accounting treatment of Investment Property such recognition, measurement and disclosure requirements are explained in detail. Next section provides a brief comparison of IFRS and GAAP in respect of Investment Property followed by a section which illustrates an example reproduced from the annual report of a publicly listed company. Discussion and conclusion of IAS 40 will summarize this article.

European Expansionism and the New World Order Essay Example for Free

European Expansionism and the New World Order Essay The European invasion and expansionism leave a stain to the World History, and thus traced the question where does the modern youth get their evil side. Since this Europeans invaded most part of the world if not the whole, everyone could say that each has a small drop of blood of Europeans in their system, especially in the continent of South and North America, where most of the European expeditions harbored. Because of this, wickedness of Europeans might be inside of todays every mans alive. The extermination of Hispaniola by the Spaniards is no less than a tragic extinction of American Natives. Exquisite execution of the poor victims ironically generates fun and excitement with those performing the impious acts, all for the name of the Almighty. In the book of Stannard, it summarizes blow by blow account of how the Europeans perform such evil acts including Spaniards whos responsible in creating the New World in accordance to their standards and Christian beliefs and devotions. However, the creation of the so-called New World of this Europeans caused massive killings and pestilence which resulted to a depopulation of about ninety-six percent. The irony is putting a New World for the living in expense of every living thing that is degraded, demoralized, and extinct. For the most common term it is survival of the fittest supposedly performed only by animals in the wild fighting as predators for the flesh of their victims. How the old Europeans perform the survival of the fittest game for their New World? American Natives wiped out for many ungodly reasons varying from killing newly born babies to letting husbands and wife being tired and stressful that they do not get to feel the sexual urge to do procreation. Some reasons were pestilence or intentionally spreading of plague and viral diseases by scattering contaminated things to public. Some were simply letting the people starved to death. Some were being subjected to burning villages and massive killings. This character of burning people and villages originated in Europeans because they are the ones having the superiority trait and that inferiors of them deserved to be maltreated, demoralized and died inhumanely. It could be to totally eliminate habitants of such community, especially when they see that the land that they occupied were fertile, healthy and rich. For the conclusion on this chapter which talk about European Expansionism and New World Order is the additional denunciation for the late reaction of the natives as they allowed three or four decades of European invasion and American extinction before they do the movement and crusade of condemning Europeans wrongdoings. Again, these movements which lead to Civil War also take part in the World History in a negative manner and reputation.

The Fun Atmosphere of Knoxville, Tennessee :: Tourism

The Fun Atmosphere of Knoxville, Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee, keeps its citizens and visitors busy with many options for shopping and food at places like The Old City and the college strip. The town also makes for a cheap vacation spot with high-energy nightlife. The city gives its visitors a wide variety of shopping options from the antique and thrift shops of the Old City to the West Town Mall and ritzy plazas of West Knoxville. The antique shops of the Old City prove to be a hot spot for the frugal tourist. Downtown K-Town is a popular antique shop located in the Old City that is best known for opening up on selected weekends with everything in the store on sale for half price. There are also a few thrift shops around the Old City, such as Frenchys’ Hip Hop, that provide the low-budget shopper with a mixture of second hand clothing and trendy new material. West Knoxville caters more to the visitor who is looking for a finer quality of shopping, and is located about ten minutes from the college strip. West Town mall is always busy with shoppers jotting in and out of its many shops from Proffits to Abercrombie & Fitch. This is the answer for parents on a family vacation because at the mall there is a wide variety of shops, so everyone will have access to a store that interests them. Around the mall are located several shopping plazas chalked full of small, pricey shops that sell unique designer clothes and accessories that are usually imported. Sophies and BeBe are two "designer" shops that sell mainly women’s clothing and shoes. They will definitely put a dent in your budget, but for the tourist who came financially prepared these are a couple of fine shopping stops for unique apparel If you are looking for nightlife in Knoxville, the college strip is the best place to be. O’Charlies on the strip is usually packed with sports fans and is open late into the night. This is a great place if you are interested in sports because there are televisions positioned throughout the restaurant (and one big screen out on the patio) that are usually tuned into a sports station. The scene for most college students in Knoxville after about ten o’clock is Moose’s’ Music Hall, which is located just across the street from O’Charlies. Moose’s’ attracts a variety of club-goers because they always have events going on such as weekly foam dancing and concerts.

Commemorative Speech Essay

In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban we were introduced to Sirius Black, a character who would change the Harry Potter world, as all readers would know it. I would like to commemorate his memory; not only because he did pass in Harry Potter and the Order of the Pheonix, but also because he introduced us to the greater plot and foreshadowing that JK Rowling had in store for us, I am qualified to speak on this topic because I have read the Harry Potter series 14 times and listened to the audio books 8 times. Sirius is a fighter. Sirius spent 13 years in Azkaban, being held for a crime he didn’t commit, and never lost hope. Even though the whole wizarding world was against him and thought that he killed muggles, and Peter Petigrew, he fought to get out and protect his god son. Sirius is also a person who brought Harry information about his parents. Sirius was Lily and James’ best friend since the first day at Hogwarts, and grew up with them. Sirius exposed the truth that Wormtail betrayed his parents, and made the bold statement that â€Å"he would rather have died than betray his friends†. Sirius Black also turned into that person that Harry needed. Sirius was a father/older brother role model that Harry lacked and so desperately needed. Sirius was always there for Harry when he needed him. In the Goblet of Fire he gave him life saving advice when Harry had to face the 3 tasks. In the Order of the Pheonix Sirius calmed Harry about the uncertainties he had about his father, and came to his resuce at the Ministry of Magic. Everything about Sirius Black was crucial during the Harry Potter books. Sirius was one of the most influential and important character in the Harry Potter books, and that is why I chose to commemorate him.

Advertising in Outdoor Media

Advertising in Outdoor Media Out-of-home advertising (or outdoor advertising) is made up of more than 100 different formats. Outdoor advertising is essentially any type of advertising that reaches the consumer while he or she is outside the home. This medium is in contrast with broadcast, print, and Internet advertising. Out of home advertising, therefore, is focused on marketing to consumers when they are â€Å"on the go† in public places, in transit, waiting (such as in a medical office), and/or in specific commercial locations (such as in a retail venue).Outdoor advertising formats fall into four main categories: billboards, street furniture, transit, and alternative. Billboard advertising is a traditional out of home advertising format, but there has been significant growth in digital out of home advertising (billboards and place-based networks) in recent years. Traditional roadside billboards remain the predominant form of outdoor advertising. Street furniture is made up of formats such as bus shelters, news-racks, mall kiosks, and telephone booth advertising. This form of outdoor advertising is mainly seen in urban centers.Additionally, this form of advertising provides benefits to communities, as street furniture companies are often responsible for building and maintaining the shelters people use while waiting for the bus. Transit advertising is typically advertising placed on anything which moves, such as buses, subway advertising, truck-side, and taxis, but also includes fixed static and electronic advertising at train and bus stations and platforms. Airport advertising, which helps businesses address an audience while traveling, is also included in this category.Municipalities often accept this form of advertising, as it provides revenue to city and port authorities. Finally, alternative advertising includes ads in stadiums, on gas pumps, bike racks, rest areas, and other non-traditional formats. Alternative advertising provides a way to addres s consumers in places they may not expect. DOOH Digital out-of-home refers to dynamic media distributed across placed-based networks in venues including, but not limited to: cafes, bars, restaurants, health clubs, colleges, arenas, gas stations, and public spaces.DOOH networks typically feature independently addressable screens, kiosks, jukeboxes and/or jumbotrons. DOOH media benefits location owners and advertisers alike in being able to engage customers and/or audiences and extend the reach and effectiveness of marketing messages. It is also referred to as Digital Signage. The reason that this category is growing so rapidly is because busy people are typically busy at home and with the introduction and acceptance of digital video recorders, it has diluted the frequency with which traditional television commercials are viewed.Every day more TV viewers are skipping past commercials with their DVRs which in turn has made out-of-home advertising all the more appealing. A Nielsen media research study in 2009 showed that 91 percent of DVR owners skipped commercials. As a result, traditional TV advertisers are hungry for an effective substitute, and digital out-of-home ads appear to be one of the solutions. DOOH also includes stand-alone screens, kiosks, and interactive media found in public places.The availability of inexpensive LCD screens with built-in media players has opened the door for companies to add interactive video messages in Point of Purchase (POP) Displays. The displays allow consumers to get additional information at the moment of decision on a product or service. Growth in the DOOH industry has been increasing in 2009, with more POP manufacturers, advertisers, and content developers moving to digital. Non-Digital Out-Of-Home Non-digital out-of-home refers to other types of media distributed across physical spaces.These are: Airship Advertising – An airship can provide one of the physically largest out-of-home advertising platforms. Bulletin – Bulletin billboards are usually located in highly visible, heavy traffic areas such as expressways, primary arteries, and major intersections. With extended periods of high visibility, billboard advertisements provide advertisers with significant impact on commuters. Bus advertising – Firmly establish brand awareness and generate quick recall with high profile exposure near point of purchase locations. Commuter rail display – Reaches a captive audience of upscale suburban commuters.Additionally, reaches lunch-time patrons, shoppers and business professionals. ComPark advertising – ComPark is a device used for car park advertising; which is placed onto the parallel lines of a bay and is able to gain instant exposure from motorists that have just parked their vehicle. The ComPark also serves as a guide to assist motorist in adhering to the parking bay size. Lamppost banner advertising – Lamp columns are sited everywhere, allowing advertisers and ev ents to use banners to target precise geographical locations and create massive promotional awareness.Mobile billboard – Mobile billboards offer a great degree of flexibility to advertisers. These advertisements can target specific routes, venue or events, or can be used to achieve market saturation. A special version is the inflatable billboard which can stand free nearly everywhere. This product can also be used for outdoor movie nights. Poster – Target local audiences with these billboards, which are highly visible to vehicular traffic and are ideal for the introduction of new products/services.Marketers use posters to achieve advertising objectives and increase brand awareness by placing multiple units in strategic locations while lowering the cost per thousand impressions. Premier panel – Premiere panels combine the frequency and reach of a poster campaign with the creative impact of a bulletin. Premier square – Bright top and bottom illumination on a premiere panel provide extra impact after dark. Street advertising – The use of pavements and street furniture to create media space for brands to get their message onto the street in a cost-effective approach.Taxi advertising – Taxi advertising allows advertisers to highlight their products, whether brand awareness, or a targeted message, directly to areas where people work, shop, and play. Wallscape – Wallscapes are attached to buildings and are able to accommodate a wide variety of unusual shapes and sizes. These billboard advertisements are visible from a distance and provide tremendous impact in major metro area. Other types of non-digital out-of-home advertising include airport displays; transit and bus-shelter displays; headrest displays; double-sided panels; junior posters; and mall displays.

politics and the media essays

politics and the media essays Politics and the media have always been involved with each other, with media strongly setting the standard for what politics are important. Our perspective of the real world is based on the issues the media makes aware to us. It is not known which influences more, but there are definitely two sides to the story. Many studies have been done to decide but each comes out with different answers. I think that the media has more of an impact on politics than does politics on the media. The two have always gone hand and hand. Conflicting each other in newspaper and television, but generally enjoying each other's company. It is the role of the mass media to keep the general public informed and up to date with current news and events in their community, state, country, and around the world. In politics, the media can either help or damage a politician by changing the public's opinion. Many people depend heavily on television as their source of information where they see or hear about political issues and events, because television is the single most powerful source of world communication and nightly newscasts are the most frequently watched source of information for the public. The mass media is everywhere we turn, from television sets, to radio, to newspapers, and now the Internet. In their role, are they actually giving us the right message or is it all false, like in tabloids, which are created just to sell? Most of the public believes that the top priority of the media is to find and report important information to the public. Few believe that it is to give readers and viewers what they ask for. The media sets the standard, and many believe that this creates an unfair society. They determine what people believe to be important issues. When the media focuses on a problem, the public's opinions on that problem then become influenced and this is also true for the president. The president reacts b ...

Profile of Huehueteotl-Xiuhtecuhtli, Aztec God of Fire

Profile of Huehueteotl-Xiuhtecuhtli, Aztec God of Fire Among the Aztec/Mexica the fire god was associated with another ancient deity, the old god. For this reason, these figures are often considered different aspects of the same deity: Huehuetà ©otl-Xiuhtecuhtli (Pronounced: Way-ue-TEE-ottle, and Shee-u-teh-COO-tleh). As with many polytheist cultures, ancient Mesoamerican people worshiped many gods who represented the different forces and manifestations of nature. Among these elements, fire was one of the first to be deified. The names under which we know these gods are Nahuatl terms, which is the language spoken by the Aztec/Mexica, so we don’t know  how earlier cultures knew these deities. Huehuetà ©otl is the â€Å"Old God†, from huehue, old, and teotl, god, whereas Xiuhtecuhtli means â€Å"The lord of Turquoise†, from the suffix xiuh, turquoise, or precious, and tecuhtli, lord, and he was considered the progenitor of all gods, as well as the patron of fire and the year. Origins Huehueteotl-Xiuhtecuhtli was an extremely important god beginning in very early times in Central Mexico. In the Formative (Preclassic) site of Cuicuilco, south of Mexico City, statues portraying an old man sitting and holding a brazier on his head or his back, have been interpreted as images of the old god and the fire god. At Teotihuacan, the most important metropolis of the Classic period, Huehuetà ©otl-Xiuhtecuhtli is one of the most often represented deities. Again, his images portray an old man, with wrinkles on his face and no teeth, sitting with his legs crossed, holding a brazier on his head. The brazier is often decorated with rhomboid figures and cross-like signs symbolizing the four world directions with the god sitting in the middle. The period for which we have more information about this god is the Postclassic period, thanks to the importance that this god had among the Aztec/Mexica. Attributes According to the Aztec religion, Huehuetà ©otl-Xiuhtecuhtli was associated with ideas of purification, transformation, and regeneration of the world through fire. As the  god of the year, he was associated with the cycle of the seasons and nature which regenerate the earth. He was also considered one of the founding deities of the world  since he was responsible for the creation of the sun. According to colonial sources, the fire god had his temple in the sacred precinct of Tenochtitlan, in a place called Tzonmolco. Huehuetà ©otl-Xiuhtecuhtli is also related to the ceremony of the New Fire, one of the most important Aztec ceremonies, which took place at the end of each cycle of 52 years  and represented the regeneration of the cosmos through the lighting of a new fire. Festivities Two major festivities were dedicated to Huehuetà ©otl-Xiuhtecuhtli: the Xocotl Huetzi ceremony, in August, associated to the underworld, the night, and the dead, and a second one which took place in the month of Izcalli, at the beginning of February, related to light, warmness and the dry season. Xocotl Huetzi: This ceremony was related to the collection of the fruits of the earth and the ritual death of plants. It involved cutting a tree and placing an image of the god on the top. Copal and food were then offered to the tree. Young men were encouraged to climb the tree to get the image and gain a reward. Four captives were sacrificed by being thrown into a fire and by having their hearts extracted.Izcalli: This second festival was dedicated to regrowth and regeneration, and the beginning of the new year. All lights were shut down at night, except for one light placed in front of the gods image, including a turquoise mask. People brought game, such as birds, lizards, and snakes, to cook and eat. Every four years, the ceremony included the sacrifice of four slaves or captives, who were dressed like the god and whose bodies were painted in white, yellow, red and green, the colors associated with the worlds directions. Images Since early times, Huehuetà ©otl-Hiuhtecuhtli was portrayed, mainly in statues, as an old man, with his legs crossed, his arms resting on his legs, and holding a lit brazier on his head or back. His face shows the signs of age, quite wrinkled and without teeth. This type of sculpture is the most widespread and recognizable image of the god and has been found in many offerings in sites such as Cuicuilco, ​Capilco, Teotihuacan, Cerro de las Mesas, and the Templo Mayor of Mexico City. However, as Xiuhtecuhtli, the god is often represented in pre-Hispanic as well as Colonial codices without these characteristics. In these cases, his body is yellow, and his face has black stripes, a red circle surrounds his mouth, and he has blue earplugs hanging from his ears. He often has arrows emerging from his headdress and holds sticks used to light fire. Sources: Limà ³n Silvia, 2001, El Dios del fuego y la regeneracià ³n del mundo, en Estudios de Cultura Nhuatl, N. 32, UNAM, Mexico, pp. 51-68.Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo, 2002, Huehuetà ©otl-Xiuhtecuhtli en el Centro de Mà ©xico, Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol. 10, N. 56, pp 58-63.Sahagà ºn, Bernardino de, Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva Espaà ±a, Alfredo Là ³pez Austin y Josefina Garcà ­a Quintana (eds.), Consejo Nacional para las Culturas y las Artes, Mexico 2000.

Leadership Portfolio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Portfolio - Assignment Example Thank God my prayers were heard and you gave me strength not to give up throughout my journey of having a full-time job and pursuing both my Undergraduate and Master’s degree. The purpose of this portfolio is to provide a comprehensive view of my leadership qualities which I have developed through my academic qualification. I believe that I am a good leader because not only am I a knowledgeable person but also I feel that I have the capability to reflect my knowledge by application of effective management skills. I have strong qualities of delegation, communication, confidence, and commitment. I have a creativity and ability to inspire my colleagues and subordinates whom I believe will make me a good leader in the future. I am a budding professional who has undergone multiple learning experiences over the past few years in my career. My expertise is in the field of HR recruitment and I have acquired a plethora of knowledge through recruitment, training, coordination, and evaluation of employees. My personal goal is to become extremely efficient and reliable in any job that I do. I want to become the most dependable person in any organization I work with in the future. Throughout my entire career, I have been fortunate enough to work with key personnel in this profession that has enhanced my skill set. My future goal is to create the high level of professionalism among employees that can solve organizational challenges in the future. The importance of human assets in improving organizational efficiency and productivity is well documented. My role is to select the best candidates for jobs that can create high levels of efficiency in the organization. Studying at Concordia College, Masters Business Leadership Program has been one of the most enriching experiences of my life. It has not only helped me to learn a variety of new courses that I was not aware of before joining this institution but also helped me to improve my existing skills and knowledge.  

The Matrix Film Review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Matrix Film - Movie Review Example After Neo is unplugged from the Matrix and joins the freed human rebels in the devastated human world, he comes to accept his fate of being the only one to end the war against the machines. The cast can only be described as superb and precise. Keanu Reeves portrays the lead protagonist Neo; Laurence Fishburne is in the noble role of Morpheus; Carrie-Anne Moss portrays Trinity, Neo’s love interest; and Hugo Weaving plays the role of Agent Smith, the main antagonist and rogue sentient computer program whose sole purpose is to prevent the rebellion from spreading or surviving. All of these actors portray their characters exceptionally well. Reeves is convincing as the antisocial, work-by-day-hack-by-night misfit who cannot escape the belief that there is something more to life. Fishburne and Moss are the epitomes of rebel leaders from their cool attitudes to their bold countenances. Weaving wove in seamlessly with the character of Agent Smith, completely owning Smith’s ser ious demeanor and distaste for the human race. The actors truly and thoroughly complement their characters. The Matrix successfully grabs its viewers in every aspect possible, beginning with the immediate jump into the story. Before the opening credits even finish rolling, Trinity is being hunted down by agents and a SWAT team. Within the first fifteen minutes of the film, Neo’s character is introduced, as well as his mission of finding Morpheus, and Trinity’s success at locating Neo to inform him that Morpheus has also been looking for him. As the first half of act one comes to a close, a huge chunk of the storyline has been revealed, leaving viewers hanging on for more. The movie does not leave them waiting for long as the story rushes into Neo’s capture by the agents. While it is a common practice in the film industry to let as many elements as possible harmonize the film, The Matrix goes above and beyond what is average. From costumes to framing and lighting effects, every element is consciously done to enhance the differences between the real world and the computer-generated Matrix, and to help viewers understand the challenges that Neo is facing. In regard to clothing, while in the Matrix, the costumes of the rebels are very futuristic in style, black and sleek; in the real world, the characters wear tattered, ill-fitting clothes. The costumes alone show the blunt dissimilarities between the Matrix and the real world. The Matrix is meant to be a utopia for humans, which, ironically, has caused the real world to crumble, leaving it in nothing short of complete ruins. The choice of framing, primarily the close-ups, allow viewers to become intimate with the characters. This holds especially true in regard to Neo, who is on the receiving end of most close-ups; his fear and uncertainty are evident as we watch him slowly come to accept the truth of the Matrix and the existence of human beings. The remaining close-ups are used to reveal con flict and hardship between the other characters, such as between Morpheus and Neo, Trinity and Neo, and Agent Smith and whichever rebel he is instigating at the time. Towards the end of the film, a medium close-up between Agent Smith and Morpheus, which is one of the greatest conflict-driven scenes of the film, clearly show the struggle that each character is facing in their attempt to free themselves of the Matrix. The choice of

Bilateral Trade in the Economies of Various Countries Essay

Bilateral Trade in the Economies of Various Countries - Essay Example Trade flows from traditional partners is becoming complicated. This means that distance is also an important factor in the bilateral trade. Bilateral trade plays an important role in the economies of various countries. However, a country’s trade with another or others depends on a number of factors. Due to the developments in bilateral trade such as regional integration are major factors (Brun, Carrere and Guillaumont 99). These coupled with the distance between trading partners they impact on bilateral trade. These forces countries to find viable options that help attract trade flow. This study analyses USA’s situation with relation to its traditional trade partners from Europe, Asia, Africa and South America. The countries used in this study were selected on the basis of their GDP, exports volume and traditional trading activities with the USA. As a result, bilateral trade flows’ gravity model is estimated between the USA and its trading partners for the periods 1990 and 2011. The general hypothesis is: The gravity equation is considered probably the most applied empirical trade device for more than a decade now. Its main advantage is that when it is applied to extensive variety factors and goods moving across national and regional borders under varying circumstances, it always produces a good fit (Anderson and Eric 170). This makes it an ideal device for econometric methods of measuring trade. Nonetheless, with the emergence of new economic theory, advancement in international trade, and globalization, a unique empirical application of the model with respect to a country’s GDP and export capability in bilateral trade is required. The Gravity trade model helps in predicting the flows of the bilateral trade and these predictions are with the distance between units in their respective  economic directions as the basis of prediction. The model can be applied in various circumstances to provide an explanation in the flow of commodities on the international scale (Anderson 106).  

Two Hole Paper Punch Engineering Essay

Two Hole Paper Punch Engineering Essay The product I have chosen to manufacture is the two-hole paper punch. This product is one which is widely used in homes, schools and businesses all over the world for the purpose of punching holes in paper to allow for attaching multiple sheets together in an organised fashion. Such examples of devices used in conjunction with the two-hole punch include the ring binder folder and treasury tags. Component Parts On close inspection of existing two-hole punch products similar to the one in Fig.1 it can be observed that there exists six fundamental component parts to the piece. Some of these components are used in matching pairs and for this reason they can be considered as one single part in regards to the manufacturing of the product. Therefore the component parts can be categorised in four groups as follows: Base Plate ( To which everything is attached) Lever Handel ( The whole mechanism works from the behaviour of this part) Punchers ( Creates the holes in the paper) Springs ( Resets the mechanism for next use) Possible Materials There are countless materials which could be used to make the components of this product but the question is which ones are cost effective and also offer good quality. At this point I am considering using Perspex for the lever handle and Aluminium for the base plate. Stronger materials will be needed for the puncher heads to ensure a lasting sharpness over repeated use. Stainless steel could be a possibility in this case. And the springs will need to be strong also for the same reasons of repeated use so I would consider using some other variation of steel here too. Perspex The material we now know as Perspex began life, when the first acrylic acid was produced, in 1843. Methacrylic acid was formulated in 1865 and the reaction between methacrylic acid and methanolresults in the coumpound called metyl methacylate. In 1877 Two German chemists discovered the polymerization process that turns methyl methacrylate into polymethyl methacrylate. In 1933 another German chemist named Otto Rohmpatented and registered the name PLEXIGLAS. Then in 1936 the first commercially viable production of acrylic glass began. During World War II acrylic glass was used for submarine periscopes, and windshields, canopies, and gun turrets for airplanes. From a chemical point of view it is the polymer of methyl methacrylate that is sold under the trade names of Plexiglas or Perspex. Perspex is frequently used as a light or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. It is often favoured because of its moderate properties, easy handling and processing, and low cost. However when loaded it behaves in a brittlemanner and this is especially the case when subjected to an impact force. Also when compared to glass it is more prone to scratching. Aluminium Aluminium is a silvery-white andductilemember of theboron groupofmetals. It has the symbolAl and itsatomic numberis 13. Also it is not soluble in water. Aluminium is themost abundant metalin theEarthscrust, and the third most abundant element therein, next to oxygenand silicon. It makes up approximately 8% of the Earths solid surface by weight. Aluminium is too reactive chemically to occur as a free metal naturally. Instead, it is found combined in over 270diverseminerals.The chief resource of aluminium isbauxiteore. Aluminium is remarkable for its ability to resistcorrosiondue to the phenomenon ofpassivationand the metals low density. Aluminium is a soft, durable, lightweight,malleablemetalwith visual appearance ranging from silvery to dull grey which depends on the surface texture. Aluminium is non-magnetic and non-sparking. It is also insoluble in alcohol, though in certain forms it can be soluble in water. Theyield strengthof pure aluminium is 7-11MPa, while aluminium alloyshave yield strengths ranging from 200 MPa to 600 MPa.Aluminium has about one-third the densityandstiffnessofsteel. It isductile, and easilymachined,cast,drawnandextruded. Corrosionresistance can be excellent due to a thin surface layer ofaluminium oxidethat forms when the metal is exposed to air, effectively preventing furtheroxidation. The strongest aluminium alloys are less corrosion resistant due togalvanicreactions with alloyedcopper.This corrosion resistance is also often greatly reduced when many aqueous salts are present, particularly in the presence of dissimilar metals. Aluminium atoms are arranged in aface-centred cubic(fcc) structure. Stainless Steel Inmetallurgystainless steel, also acknowledged asinox steelorinoxfrom French inoxidable, is defined as asteelalloywith a minimum of 10.5or 11% chromiumcontent by mass.Stainless steel does not stain, corrode, or rust as easily as regular steel (itstains less, but it is not stain-proof).It is also calledcorrosion-resistant steelorCRESwhen the alloy type and grade are not detailed. There are different grades and surface finishes of stainless steel to suit the environment to which the material will be exposed to in its lifetime. Stainless steel is used where the properties of steel, and resistance to corrosion are both required. Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by the amount of chromium present. Carbon steel rusts when exposed to air and moisture. This iron oxide film (the rust) is active and accelerates corrosion by forming more iron oxide. Stainless steels contain sufficient chromium to form a passive film of chromium oxide, which prevents further surface corrosion and blocks corrosion from spreading into the metals internal structure. Carbon Steel Carbon steel, also calledplain carbon steel, issteelwhere the mainalloyingconstituent iscarbon. Carbon steel is defined as steel that has no minimum carbon content specified. The term carbon steel may also be used in reference to steel which is notstainless steel; in this use carbon steel may include alloy steels. Steel with a low carbon content has properties similar to iron. As the carbon content rises, the metal becomes harder and stronger but lessductileand more difficult toweld. In general, higher carbon content lowers the melting point and its temperature resistance. Carbon content influences the yield strength of steel because carbon atoms fit into theinterstitialcrystallinelatticesites of thebody-centered cubic(BCC) arrangement of the iron atoms. The interstitial carbon reduces the mobility ofdislocations, which in turn has a hardening effect on the iron. To get dislocations to move, a high enough stress level must be applied in order for the dislocations to break away. This is because the interstitial carbon atoms cause some of the iron BCC lattice cells to distort. Mild and low carbon steel Mild steel is the most common form of steel because its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications. Low carbon steel contains approximately 0.05-0.15% carbonand mild steel contains 0.16-0.29%carbon, therefore it is neither brittle norductile. Mild steel has a relatively low tensile strength, but it is cheap and malleable; surface hardness can be increased throughcarburizing. It is often used when large quantities of steel are needed, for example asstructural steel. The density of mild steel is approximately 7.85g/cm3(0.284lb/in3)and theYoungs modulusis 210,000MPa (30,000,000psi). Background Research Production Process The Objective of this section is to define the materials and examine the possible production processes for each of my four component parts. There is always more than one way to carry out a job and yet still obtain a successful result. However some methods are more cost effective than others. I wish to present multiple solutions to manufacturing each of my parts and from there choose the best balance of quality, time and economy. Base Plate Aluminium Casting The first production process option to be examined is the idea of the multiple-use-mold casting process In the permanent-mold casting process a re usable mold is machined from grey cast-iron, steel, graphite or other such material. The mold is first pre-heated, and molten metal is poured in under the action of gravity alone. After solidification, the mold is opened and, the product is removed. The mold is then reclosed and another casting is poured. Aluminium is frequently cast by this process. There are numerous advantages for this process. The mold is reusable. A good surface finish is obtained provided the mold is in good condition. Dimensional accuracy can usually be held within 0.13-.25 mm. By selectively heating or cooling various parts of the mold, or by varing the thickness of the mold wall, directional solidification can be promoted so as to produce sound, defect-free castings with the desired mechanical properties. However there are some drawbacks to this process too. The mold life depends upon a number of factors: The allow being cast. The higher the melting point, the shorter the mold life. The mold material. Grey cast iron has about the best resistance to thermal fatigue and also machines easily. Thus it is used most frequently for permanent molds. The pouring temperature. Higher pouring temperatures reduce mold life, increase shrinkage problems, and induce longer cycle times. Mold temperature. If the temperature is too low, mis runs are produced, and high temperature differences form in the mold. If the temperature is too high, excessive cycle times result, and mold erosion is aggravated. Mold complexity is often restricted because the rigid cavity has no collapsibility to compensate for the shrinkage of the casting. As a best alternative, it is common practice to open the mold and remove the casting immediately after solidification, thereby preventing any tearing that may occur on subsequent cooling-down. Permanent molds are usually headed at the beginning of a run and are then maintained at a fairly uniform temperature as a means of controlling the cooling rate of the metal being cast. Since the mold rises in temperature as a casting is poured and sufficient time is permitted for solidification, it may be necessary to provide a cool-down delay before another casting is poured. Refractory washes are often applied to the mold walls to prevent the casting from sticking and to prolong the mold life. Mold costs are generally high so that high-volume production is necessary to justify the expense. Milling Milling is a basic machining process by which a surface is generated progressively by the removal of chips from a workpiece fed into a rotating cutter in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cutter. Sometimes the workpiece remains stationary, and the cutter is fed to the work. In nearly all cases a multiple-tooth cutter is used so that the material removal rate is high. Often the the desired surface is obtained in a single pass of the cutter or work and, because very good surface finish can be obtained, milling is particularly well suited to and widely used for mass-production work. Several types of milling machines are used ranging from relatively simple and versatile machines that are used for general-purpose machining in job shops and tool-and-die work to highly specialized machines for mass production. Unquestionably, more flat surfaces are produced by milling than by any other machining process. The cutting tool used in milling is known as the milling cutter. Equally spaced peripheral teeth will intermittently engage and machine the workpiece. This is called interrupted cutting. Milling operations can be classified into two broad categories called peripheral milling and face milling. Each has many variations. In peripheral milling the surface is generated by teeth on the periphery of the cutter body. The surface is parallel to the axis of rotation of the cutter. Both flat and formed surfaces can be produced by this method, the cross section of the resulting surface corresponding to the axial contour of the cutter. This method is often called slab milling and is usually performed on horizontal spindle machines. In slab milling, the tool rotates at a certain rpm while work feeds past the tool. Water Jet Cutting Awater jet cutter or just waterjetis a machine capable of cutting intometaland other materials by means of a jet ofwaterat high velocity and pressure. The process is, in theory, the same aswater erosionfound in nature however it is greatly accelerated and concentrated. It is frequently used during manufacture of parts for machinery and other such devices. This is the preferred process when the materials involved are sensitive to the extreme temperatures that friction causes in other methods. Water jet cutting has found applications in a wide range of industries. Examples of these are mining and aerospacewhere it is used for operations such as shaping, cutting and carving. One important advantage of the water jet cutter its function to process material without interfering with the materials inherent structure as there is no heat-affected zone/ Haz. Minimizing the effects of heat allows metals to be processed without altering internal charachteristics. Water jet cutters also have the ability to produce rather detailed cuts in a material. When specialized computer software and 3-D machining tools are used, complex 3-D shapes can be created. The nozzle can be changed and adjusted to give the required cutting width. Typical abrasive cuts are made with a nozzle in the range of 1.016 to 1.27mm, but can be as narrow as 0.508mm. Non-abrasive cuts are normally 0.178 to 0.33mm, but can be as small as 0.076mm, which is roughly the width of a human hair. Small cutters ike these can make very small detail possible in a broad range of tasks. Waterjets are capable of accuracy of 0.13 mm, and repeatability to within a tolerance of 0.03 mm. Water jet cutting is a green technology.Nno hazardous waste is produced which reduces waste costs. Large pieces of recyclable scrap material are cut off using this method which would have been otherwise lost using traditional cutting methods. Waste water is usually clean enough to filter and disguard of down a normal drain. The abrasive is non-toxic and can be recycled for many uses. Water jets also avoid airborne fumes, and contaminates from cutting materials such as asbestos and fiberglass. This really benefits the work environment and greatly reduces any health problems arising from operator exposure. Lever Handel-Perspex Injection moulding Injection moulding is used to produce more thermoplastic products than any other process. Granules of raw material are fed from a hopper by gravity into a pressure chamber ahead of a plunger. As the plunger advances, the plastic is forced through a heated chamber, where it is preheated. From the preheating segment, it is forced through the torpedo section, where it is melted and super-heated to 200-300Â °C. It then leaves this section through a nozzle which seats up against the mold and allows the molten plastic to enter the closed-die cavities through suitable gates and runners. The die remains cool, so the plastic solidifies almost as soon as the mold is filled. To ensure proper filling of the cavity, the material must be forced into the mold rapidly under considerable pressure, typically 35-140 MPa. Premature solidification would cause defective products. While the mold is being opened, the part ejected, and the mold reclosed, the material for the next part is being heated in the torpedo. The complete molding process takes typically between 1 and 30 seconds and is very similar to the die-casting of molten metals. Because thermosetting plastics must be held at an elevated temperature and pressure for sufficient time to permit curing, the injection molding process must be modified for this type of polymer. In the jet molding process the polymer is preheated in the feed chamber to about 95Â °C and then is further heated to the temperature of polymerization as it passes through the nozzle. Additional time in the heated mold completes the curing process. Care must be exercised to prevent the material in the nozzle from cooling during this time and clogging the flow. Water cooling is introduced to the nozzle area as soon as the cavity is nearly filled. The water cools the material in this region and retards the hardening reaction. Because of the long cycle time, little injection molding of thermo-sets is performed. The properties can often compete with die-cast metals, provided the lower rigidity of the polymer is not objectionable. Milling The milling process is the same as before when it was discussed in relation to Aluminium. The only difference now is the material, which is Perspex. Laser cutting Laser-aided cutting has brought about a revolution in the manufacturing industries. These high-powered optical beams are used to cut through a variety of materials such as metal, wood, glass and plastic. The laser is directed at the required surface and moved around to cut the material in the desired shape. Laser cutting gives a finer finish to the end product as compared to conventional cutting methods. A typical laser beam is about 1/5th of a millimeter in width and has an intensity of 1000 to 2000 watts. Most laser cutting machines are integrated into a CAD/CAM system that helps the user design the end product on a computer before implementing it on the work piece. Laser cutting devices are proving beneficial in a wide array of industries. The plastic industry is no exception. These optic powered devices are used to cut precise shapes into plastic or acrylic sheets. The lasers can be used to cut plastics of varying thickness by simply altering the intensity of the beam. Lasers are not only used to cut through plastics but also help engrave on various surfaces. Laser plastic cutting machines bring precision and accuracy to the entire process. Since most machines are fully automated, they can perform complex cutting operations at high-speeds. The laser plastic cutting machines can also be used to cut polymers, polycarbonates and other synthetic materials such as polyesters and rubbers. The laser cutting method uses a non-contact approach when cutting the material. Due to this, the wear and tear associated with conventional methods is absent, preventing the product from any damage and deformation. The laser process also delivers a finish quality unmatched by any other process. When using laser plastic cutting machines, care should be taken to avoid the use of flammable plastics such as PVCs. These materials cannot cope with the heat generated by the laser and get damaged easily. Punches Stainless Steel Extrusion The process begins by heating the stock material. It is then loaded into the container in the press. A dummy block is placed behind it where the ram then presses on the material to push it out of the die. Afterward the extrusion is stretched in order to straighten it. If better properties are required then it may beheat treatedorcold worked. The extrusion ratio is defined as the starting cross-sectional area divided by the cross-sectional area of the final extrusion. One of the main advantages of the extrusion process is that this ratio can be very large while still producing quality parts. Hot extrusion is done at an elevated temperature to keep the material fromwork hardeningand to make it easier to push the material through the die. Most hot extrusions are done on horizontal hydraulic presses that range from 250 to 12,000 tons. Pressures range from 30 to 700MPa (4,400 to 102,000psi), therefore lubrication is required, which can be oil or graphite for lower temperature extrusions, or glass powder for higher temperature extrusions. The biggest disadvantage of this process is its cost for machinery and its upkeep. There are many different variations of extrusion equipment. They vary by four major characteristics: Movement of the extrusion with relation to the ram. If the die is held stationary and the ram moves towards it then its called direct extrusion. If the ram is held stationary and the die moves towards the ram its called indirect extrusion. The position of the press, either vertical or horizontal. The type of drive, either hydraulic or mechanical. The type of load applied, either conventional (variable) orhydrostatic. A single or twin screw auger, powered by an electric motor, or a ram, driven by hydraulic pressure (often used for steel and titanium alloys), oil pressure (for aluminum), or in other specialized processes such as rollers inside a perforated drum for the production of many simultaneous streams of material. Typical extrusion presses cost more than $100,000, whereas dies can cost up to $2000. Springs Steel The following description focuses on the manufacture of steel-alloy, coiled springs. Winding Cold winding Wire up to 0.75 in (18 mm) in diameter can be coiled at room temperature using one of two basic techniques. One consists of winding the wire around a shaft called an arbor or mandrel. This may be done on a dedicated spring-winding machine, a lathe, an electric hand drill with the mandrel secured in the chuck, or a winding machine operated by hand cranking. A guiding mechanism, such as the lead screw on a lathe, must be used to align the wire into the desired pitch (distance between successive coils) as it wraps around the mandrel. Alternatively, the wire may be coiled without a mandrel. This is generally done with a central navigation computer (CNC) machine. Examples of different types of springs. Examples of different types of springs. The wire is pushed forward over a support block toward a grooved head that deflects the wire, forcing it to bend. The head and support block can be moved relative to each other in as many as five directions to control the diameter and pitch of the spring that is being formed. For extension or torsion springs, the ends are bent into the desired loops, hooks, or straight sections after the coiling operation is completed. Hot winding Thicker wire or bar stock can be coiled into springs if the metal is heated to make it flexible. Standard industrial coiling machines can handle steel bar up to 3 in (75 mm) in diameter, and custom springs have reportedly been made from bars as much as 6 in (150 mm) thick. The steel is coiled around a mandrel while red hot. Then it is immediately removed from the coiling machine and plunged into oil to cool it quickly and harden it. At this stage, the steel is too brittle to function as a spring, and it must subsequently be tempered. Assembly Procedure Methods Quality Control Qulaity control is defined as the maintenance of standards of quality of manufactured goods. With this in mind there are a few methods i could employ in the upkeep of quality in the product choosen.

Wittgensteins Children: Some Implications for Teaching and Otherness :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Wittgenstein's Children: Some Implications for Teaching and Otherness ABSTRACT: The later Wittgenstein uses children in his philosophical arguments against the traditional views of language. Describing how they learn language is one of his philosophical methods for setting philosophers free from their views and enabling them to see the world in a different way. The purpose of this paper is to explore what features of children he takes advantage of in his arguments, and to show how we can read Wittgenstein in terms of education. Two children in Philosophical Investigations are discussed. The feature of the first child is the qualitative difference from adults. Wittgenstein uses the feature to criticize Augustinian pictures of language which tell us that children learn language by ostensive definition alone. The referential theory of meaning is so strong that philosophers fail to see the qualitative gap and to explain language-learning. The second child appears in an arithmetical instruction. Although he was understood to master counting numbers, he sudd enly shows deviant reactions. Wittgenstein argues against the mentalistic idea of understanding by calling attention to the potential otherness of the child. This could happen anytime the child has not learned counting correctly. The two features show that teaching is unlike telling, an activity toward the other who does not understand our explanations. Since we might not understand learners because of otherness, the justification of teaching is a crucial problem that is not properly answered so long as otherness is unrecognized. As long as we ignore otherness, we would not be aware that we might mistreat learners. Ludwig Wittgenstein is a philosopher who often uses educational situations to examine philosophical puzzles. Asking how a word is taught is one of his philosophical methods. He invents imaginary situations in which children learn language, and describes how they learn there. He investigates the possibilities of concepts by considering how children could learn the concepts. The purpose of this paper is to explore what features of children he takes advantage of in his philosophical arguments, and to show whether and how we can read Wittgenstein in terms of education. Some scholars have expected Wittgenstein to contribute to pedagogy and educational research directly. Bartley claims, for example, that Wittgenstein is involved in child psychology. (1) Hardwick looks for pedagogical conclusions in Wittgenstein's philosophy. (2) Those scholars are likely to say that Wittgenstein merely suggests what empirical studies discover about language learning. Wittgenstein's Children: Some Implications for Teaching and Otherness :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays Wittgenstein's Children: Some Implications for Teaching and Otherness ABSTRACT: The later Wittgenstein uses children in his philosophical arguments against the traditional views of language. Describing how they learn language is one of his philosophical methods for setting philosophers free from their views and enabling them to see the world in a different way. The purpose of this paper is to explore what features of children he takes advantage of in his arguments, and to show how we can read Wittgenstein in terms of education. Two children in Philosophical Investigations are discussed. The feature of the first child is the qualitative difference from adults. Wittgenstein uses the feature to criticize Augustinian pictures of language which tell us that children learn language by ostensive definition alone. The referential theory of meaning is so strong that philosophers fail to see the qualitative gap and to explain language-learning. The second child appears in an arithmetical instruction. Although he was understood to master counting numbers, he sudd enly shows deviant reactions. Wittgenstein argues against the mentalistic idea of understanding by calling attention to the potential otherness of the child. This could happen anytime the child has not learned counting correctly. The two features show that teaching is unlike telling, an activity toward the other who does not understand our explanations. Since we might not understand learners because of otherness, the justification of teaching is a crucial problem that is not properly answered so long as otherness is unrecognized. As long as we ignore otherness, we would not be aware that we might mistreat learners. Ludwig Wittgenstein is a philosopher who often uses educational situations to examine philosophical puzzles. Asking how a word is taught is one of his philosophical methods. He invents imaginary situations in which children learn language, and describes how they learn there. He investigates the possibilities of concepts by considering how children could learn the concepts. The purpose of this paper is to explore what features of children he takes advantage of in his philosophical arguments, and to show whether and how we can read Wittgenstein in terms of education. Some scholars have expected Wittgenstein to contribute to pedagogy and educational research directly. Bartley claims, for example, that Wittgenstein is involved in child psychology. (1) Hardwick looks for pedagogical conclusions in Wittgenstein's philosophy. (2) Those scholars are likely to say that Wittgenstein merely suggests what empirical studies discover about language learning.